Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the stomach lining. Among the various forms of stomach cancer, adenocarcinoma is the most common, but there are several other types that are important to understand. This article explores the main types of stomach cancer, focusing on adenocarcinoma and lesser-known variants.

Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma accounts for approximately 90-95% of all stomach cancer cases. It originates in the glandular cells of the stomach lining, which produce mucus and other substances. There are two primary subtypes of adenocarcinoma:

• Intestinal Type: This type resembles colorectal cancer and is often associated with environmental factors such as diet and infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria. It is more common in older adults.
• Differentiated Type: This subtype tends to be more aggressive and less associated with environmental influences. It is more common in younger individuals and often represents a higher stage at diagnosis.

Other Types of Stomach Cancer

Besides adenocarcinoma, stomach cancer can also manifest in other forms, albeit much less frequently:

• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): These tumors arise from interstitial cells in the stomach wall and can be benign or malignant. GISTs often require different treatment strategies, including targeted therapy.
• Carcinoid Tumors: This neuroendocrine tumor typically grows slowly and originates from hormone-producing cells in the stomach. While rare, these tumors can cause excessive hormone production, leading to various symptoms.
• Lymphoma: Primarily arising in the immune tissue of the stomach, lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that can affect the gastric lining. Primary gastric lymphoma is distinctly different from other forms of stomach cancer, as it is primarily treated with chemotherapy rather than surgical intervention.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This rare form of stomach cancer starts in the squamous cells and is associated with specific risk factors such as smoking and certain pre-existing conditions.

Risk Factors and Symptoms

Each type of stomach cancer shares some common risk factors, such as infection with Helicobacter pylori, a diet high in salted, smoked, or poorly preserved foods, and family history. Symptoms can vary depending on the type but often include:

• Persistent stomach pain
• Difficulty swallowing
• Unexplained weight loss
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite

Conclusion

Understanding the types of stomach cancer is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. While adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent form, awareness of other types such as GISTs, lymphomas, and carcinoid tumors can lead to better management strategies. Anyone experiencing symptoms or at risk should consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate screenings and evaluations.